What is Tooth Decay?

 "Cavity" means tooth decay, and in medical terminology it is called dental caries. Dental caries or cavities are caused by erosion of tooth enamel by the acids present in the mouth. The bacteria present in the mouth get deposited (along with saliva, food particles and other natural substances) on the surface of the teeth. This is called plaque. The bacteria in the plaque convert the sugar and carbohydrates present in the foods we eat into acids. These acids cause erosion of tooth enamel that leads to cavity. 

Cavity can be caused anywhere on the tooth which is exposed to plaque and acid, like the hard outer enamel on the tooth crown or the root of the tooth that lacks enamel (which is exposed by gum recession). Caries can extend from the enamel to the dentin (main body of the tooth) or even up to the soft tooth pulp and the sensitive nerve fibers within it. What causes pain in cavity is not known. Pain is probably caused by inflammation due to bacteria, exposure of root of the tooth and an imbalance of fluid levels in the dentin. 

Factors that influence tooth decay include

• Your lifestyle.
• what you eat.
• How well you care of your teeth.
• Amount of fluoride in water and toothpaste.
• Heredity. This plays a role as well in how susceptible your teeth may be to decay.

Types of cavities 

The different types of cavities are:

Coronal cavities: 

These are located on chewing surfaces or between the teeth. It is the most common type of cavity in both children and adults

Root cavities:

The gums recede with age and expose the root of the tooth. The root of the tooth lacks enamel and hence these exposed areas easily decay.

Recurrent decay:

 Tooth decay can occur around existing fillings and crowns, as these areas have a tendency to accumulate plaque. 

Cavities occur commonly among children; however adults are also at risk. The risk of cavity is higher in adults with dry mouth (a condition caused by lack of saliva). Cavity is a serious problem. If it not treated appropriately and timely it can destroy your tooth, and even cause an abscess (an area of infection) at the root tip. If an abscess is formed, it has to be treated with a root canal, surgery or by extraction of the tooth. 

How Do I confirm if I Have a Cavity 

Your dentist can confirm if you have a cavity, as cavities at times form below the surface of the tooth, where you can't see them. The tooth enamel beneath the surface is broken down by the bacteria in the plaque while the surface enamel remains intact. When a certain extent of the sub-surface enamel is damaged, the surface collapses, forming a cavity. Cavities are mostly formed in pits on the chewing surfaces of the back (molar) teeth, in between teeth, and near the gum line. You should have regular checkups with a dentist to spot them and treat them before they become a serious problem. 

Symptoms 

You may not have symptoms in early caries. But as the caries progresses your teeth may be sensitive to sweet foods or to hot and cold temperatures.

Diagnosis 

Your dentist will examine the teeth visually and if needed will probe the teeth with an instrument called an explorer to ascertain if you have pits or areas of damage (cavity). If the cavity is not obvious but your dentist suspects caries he or she will take X-ray of the concerned tooth. 

Expected Duration 

White spots on a tooth indicate early caries that has not yet damaged or eroded the enamel. At this stage, if the acid damage to the tooth is controlled and the tooth is given a chance to repair the damage, caries may not develop. But once the enamel is damaged, caries cannot be reversed. In most people caries will continue to worsen and deepen with time, and can extend down to the root as well. The time needed to progress from early stages to involve the root varies from person to person. Likewise the caries may become painful within months or it can take years to get to that stage. 

Treatment 

The conventional treatment for caries is filling. The dentist blocks the pain while working on the tooth with cavity by use of anesthesia. The decayed substance form the cavity is removed first then the cavity is filled. Fillings are usually made of a dental amalgam, composite resin or gold.

•  Dental amalgam is a silver-gray material that is made from silver alloyed with copper or other metals to make the filling durable. Amalgam filling is done primarily in molars and premolars.

• Composite resin is tooth-colored material and is used for a better appearance. Resin filling is done primarily in the front teeth, though it can be used in any teeth.

• Gold filling is also used especially if greater strength is needed, but it is more expensive and uneasthetic not commonly used nowadays.

In a large cavity the remaining tooth structure may not be able to support the amount of filling material needed to repair it. In this case your dentist after removing the decayed material will fill the cavity and use an artificial crown to cover the tooth.

If the crown of the tooth is relatively intact, and the damage is in the interior of the tooth, your dentist will suggest treatment from a dental specialist called an endodontist. The endodontist will do a root canal treatment. In this procedure the pulp of the tooth is removed and replaced with an inert material. Most people after a root canal treatment need an artificial crown to cover the tooth.

When To Consult a Dentist

• If you have sensitivity on chewing hot, cold or sweet foods/beverages, consult your dentist.
• As early stages of decay are usually painless you should periodically consult your dentist for professional dental examination. 

Prognosis 

If a cavity is not diagnosed early it will cause the tooth to erode significantly. Eventually, the root of the tooth may also get affected or destroyed by uncontrolled decay. 

If you have cavity in one tooth it increases your risk of more cavities as the oral care and dietary habits that lead to the initial cavity may cause more decay. 

Prevention 

You can prevent caries by decreasing the quantity of plaque and bacteria in the mouth. 

Tips to prevent dental caries include

• This is best done by daily brushing and flossing to remove plaque from between teeth and below the gumline.
• Use toothpaste that contains fluoride, as fluoride strengthens tooth enamel, which decreases the risk of decay. Let a dentist evaluate your risk of caries and then suggest fluoride treatment as required.
• Avoid foods that stick to teeth, minimize snacking between meals, and avoid foods and drinks that contain excessive amounts of acid and sugar.
• The mouth remains acidic for quite some time after eating. Hence avoid snacking in between-meals. This helps to reduce the amount of acid in your mouth and the risk of caries. Xylitol containing chewing gums helps to neutralize the acidity that occurs after eating.
• Eat a balanced diet. Your diet must contain calcium-rich foods such as milk and cheese as calcium makes teeth and bones strong.
• Do not eat or drink a sweet beverage after you brush at night as teeth will remain coated with sugar and food all night.
• Children often prefer to brush their teeth most of the time. Let them do it but be around to supervise and brush again quickly if necessary. Most children need help to brush until they are 6-7 years of age. Teach your child proper oral hygiene like brushing twice a day and rinsing mouth after eating.
• Consult a dentist regularly for your child. The dentist may apply a sealant as soon as the molar teeth come fully into the mouth to protect them from caries.
• Go for regular dental checkups. Preventive care can avert problems from occurring and control minor problems from becoming major ones